Shannon and Weaver Model and Its Application Essay Example For Students

Shannon and Weaver Model and Its Application Essay The Shannon-Weaver Model The Shannon-Weaver model is run of the mill of what are frequently alluded to as transmission models of correspondence . on the off chance that you have glanced through the instances of regular ordinary types of correspondence, you will have seen that a portion of the models allude to less prompt techniques for correspondence than up close and personal association, e. g. utilizing the radio, papers or the phone. In these cases, innovation is presented. When, for example, the phone is utilized, you talk, the telephone transforms the sound waves into electrical driving forces and those electrical motivations are turned around into sound waves by the telephone at the opposite stopping point. Shannon and Weavers numerical model of correspondence is broadly acknowledged as one of the primary seeds out of which correspondence contemplates have developed. The Shannon-Weaver Model (1947) recommends that all correspondence must incorporate six components: †¢ a source †¢ an encoder †¢ a message †¢ a channel a decoder †¢ a collector These six components are indicated graphically in the model The accentuation here is especially on the transmission and gathering of data. Data is seen rather uniquely in contrast to the manner in which you and I would ordinarily utilize the term, also. This model is regularly alluded to as a data model of correspondence. Aside from its undeniable mechanical inclination, a downside from ou r perspective is the models clear linearity. It takes a gander at correspondence as a single direction process. That is helped by the expansion of the input circle, which you can find in the created form of the model: Shannon-Weaver: The Source All human correspondence has some source (data source in Shannons phrasing), some individual or gathering of people with a given reason, an explanation behind participating in correspondence. Youll additionally discover the terms transmitter and communicator utilized. We have talked about sender in detail in our past exercises. Shannon-Weaver: The Encoder When you impart, you have a specific reason as a top priority: †¢ You need to show that youre an agreeable individual †¢ You need to give them some data †¢ You need to get them to accomplish something †¢ You need to convince them of your perspective, etc. You, as the source, need to communicate your motivation as a message. That message must be defined in a code. How do the sources purposes get converted into a code? This requires an encoder. The correspondence encoder is answerable for taking the thoughts of the source and placing them in code, communicating the sources reason as a message. Its genuinely simple to think as far as source and encoder when you are chatting on the telephone (transmitter in Shannons wording). You are the wellspring of the message and the telephone is the encoder which carries out the responsibility of transforming your sounds into electrical driving forces. The qualification isn't exactly so evident when you consider yourself imparting up close and personal. Face to face to-individual correspondence, the encoding procedure is performed by the engine abilities of the source vocal systems (lip and tongue developments, the vocal strings, the lungs, face muscles and so on , muscles in the hand, etc. A few people groups encoding frameworks are not as effective as others. Along these lines, for instance, a crippled individual probably won't have the option to control development of their appendages thus think that its hard to encode the expected non-verbal messages or they may convey unintended messages. An individual who has endured throat malign ant growth may have had their vocal ropes expelled. They can encode their messages verbally utilizing a counterfeit guide, yet a significant part of the non-verbal messages a large portion of us send by means of pitch, sound, volume, etc can't be encoded. Resigned Volunteers EssayTo put it in Shannons terms, data transmitters and collectors must be comparable frameworks. On the off chance that they are not, correspondence can't happen. What that most likely implied undoubtedly was that you need a phone toward one side and a phone at the other, not a phone associated with a radio. In rather more clearly human terms, the collector needs to have the gear to get the message. A thoroughly visually impaired individual has the psychological gear to translate your motions, yet no framework for getting messages in the visual channel. Along these lines, your non-verbal messages are not gotten and youre squandering your vitality. HOW ROCK BANDS USE THIS MODEL TO CONVEY THEIR MESSAGE TO THE MASSES From the previous conversation we can see that a significant number of the musical gangs use Shannon and Weaver way to deal with spread their messages to people in general through their melodies. Presently, let’s consider a model wherein a stage performance is going on and a huge group has accumulated to see their exhibition. Along these lines, presently glancing this case in setting with the above talked about model we will see that: 1. SOURCE : Now for this situation the source will be the individuals from the band who are going to give the exhibition, every individual from the band will be considered as a novel source. . MESSAGE : So now we see that each musical gang has its own belief system which they all need to spread to the general public with the assistance of their music. Like Guns N’ Roses spread the thought on sick impacts of war So as such they are spreading their thoughts and we can term t hese thoughts of their as ‘MESSAGE’ Eg : ‘I don’t need your common war,you feed the rich and cover the poor†¦.. ’ These lines from the GNR have away from of halting the war. 3. TRANSMITTER : Now for this situation the music itself is filling the need of transmitter as it is transmitting the message as music note. Rather in the event that we were viewing the video or were tuning in to them on the radio then all things considered the radio and T. V. would likewise have been considered as the transmitting medium. 4. Beneficiary: Now collector here alludes to all the crowds who are tuning in to them and furthermore they are the one for whom the message was coded by the sender/source. 5. Decoder: Now the collector will disentangle the message which is transmitted to them. Here for this situation decoder will be their ears and mind which will do examination of the melody and will draw out the message feed in the tune. . Clamor : It is a significant element of this model. Presently for this situation commotion alludes to the clamor of the close by individuals whose clamor is blending in with the music and isn't empowering a person to listen appropriately. Likewise in the event that anybody is tuning in to them on radio, at that point the aggravations in the radio additionally represent the commotion . Additionally somebody can likewise term the ambient melodies as commotion in the event that it is excessively uproarious and is making it hard to hear the vocalist SHANNON AND WEAVER MODEL AND ITS APPLICATION IN ROCK CONCERTS Submitted by: Ashish Nirmal P2008 ME 1108

Oliver Stones Controversial Film JFK Essay Example For Students

Oliver Stones Controversial Film JFK Essay The Oliver Stone’s film JFK attempts to reproduce a period in history deplorable and furthermore motivating to its open. Stone attempted to exhibit that the defilement is available in any administrative work, with the goal that individuals can escape of being rebuffed, including the Assassination of a president and pass it out. Embarrassments and fear inspired notions spin out of control in this general public, which continued Jim Garrison to ask what the specialists informed him concerning the homicide of JFK. Dominatingly dependent on truth, the film proposes to the individuals to ask specialists and cause them to feel they have to alter what turns out badly in this world. This film is a social narrative in each right. It expresses the realities that occurred around then and despite the fact that enhances in the discourse; it is mainly founded on truth. It reacts to the need to teach people in general on the mass thought of political popular government. Garrison’s hypotheses and theories were rarely demonstrated, and the individual being investigated was in the end absolved, yet his contention was solid to the point that it grabbed the eye of many, so much that Oliver Stone felt he should coordinate this pseudo-narrative. Utilizing an affiliated mode to bring the watcher in, it is conceivable to relate the circumstance to Judas and Jesus in the Bible. Human instinct has an inborn desire for force and control, and certain occasions ever; individuals have mishandled their capacity to pick up by and by. JFK really does this by indicating the lives of Garrison’s family and the lives affected legitimately by the shooting. It likewise follows the lines of a narrative of social dissent. The watcher needs to know reality with regards to what they are being advised and will do for all intents and purposes anything to make sense of it. The greater the untruth, the more individuals will trust it. † Joseph Goebbels This untruth revealed by Garrison, truth be told, is basically the greatest falsehood ever. The effect on majority rules system and our general public is so extraordinary on the grounds that, assuming valid, the watcher will need to plan something for right the wrongs so they can have a se nse of security inside the framework once more. 2. The Government Case The story seeks after the conceivable case and the procedure which Jim Garrison produces over certain Government authorities in slaughtering JFK. He distributed the revelations from the records of the death. He additionally noticed that for Oswald was difficult to murder Kennedy and characterized his hypothesis on in excess of a solitary professional killer. At that point he believed that for everything to happen precisely it did, the individual who incited this disaster must have an extraordinary force and furthermore impact to disguise everything so well. In reality, the media plays an unbiased onlooker that is affected by whatever is told. Right off the bat, the media supports Garrison’s case, yet when affected by the â€Å"higher powers† that he just attempts to cause issue, the media attempts to decay his notoriety. At last, one of the last and extraordinary pictures is the words composed on the screen: â€Å"What is past is prologue†. What is fascinating is the rehashing history regardless of how long back an episode happened it hugy affects things that follows. The idea of trim the media and pulling off such a deplorable demonstration against America is very alarming. Army guaranteed Oswald guiltless of his violations and alluded to him as a patsy or a substitute for the genuine killers. How would we as an open realize that something to that effect won't get encircled on us? It is a secret enclosed by a puzzle left to risk; everything must be painstakingly arranged. Another image from the film said that â€Å"study the past†. How is it conceivable to rehash a similar disaster again and again ever? Is there something we as an open can do to safeguard our security? Such inquiries are brought up in this film. JFK likewise utilizes certain procedures to transfer the director’s impressions of the story. It is very evident what the chief feels to be reality, that there was a connivance to execute the president from amazingly high government authorities. By making a portion of the film real film and different parts a re-production of occasions, Stone can show that his thoughts are put on realities. Utilizing many whistles and chimes of the film business, Oliver Stone really brings a stunning memory of the homicide of the President and the bits of gossip with respect to his death. By making a narrative, the full weight of the circumstance and the conditions end up being both illuminating and moving. The Warren Commission reasoned that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone in the murdering of the President. After that Oswald was slaughtered by Jack Ruby, a vigilante, likewise acting alone. This was the official end for the situation; it has been recommended that, contingent upon whose survey you quote, somewhere in the range of 55 and 75 percent of Americans today accept there was a scheme to kill Kennedy. The Americans didn’t accept that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone for some reasons and arrived at their decision: he was a piece of a connivance. At the point when Stone read Jim Garrisons book â€Å"On the Trail of the Assassins†, he got retained in the scheme gossipy tidbits about the JFK death. Battalion w? s the District Attorney of New Orle? ns ? t the hour of Kennedys murder th? t, three ye? rs ? fter the homicide ? ctu? lly took pl? ce, ask? n to h? ve doubts th? t the W? rren commission h? d not discovered the whole truth. This prompted his getting fixated on the c? se ? nd eventu? lly bringing New Orle? ns businessm? n Cl? y Sh? w (Tommy Lee Jones) to tri? l on ch? rges of plotting to murder Kennedy. This w? s the main tri? l th? t at any point took pl? ce ? fter the W? rren Commission to ? ttempt to ch? rge somebody in the conspir? cy. Quiet Film and Music EssayIn reality the OKeefe character didn't exist. He was made up by Stone so as to pack numerous characters into one to improve a previously muddled film. Another character that got Stone in a difficult situation with pundits was the character of Mr. X (Donald Sutherland jumps an amazing exhibition as X). Mr. X, who worked in the Pentagon at the hour of the death as a Black Operative appears and gives Garrison data in the film. They get together in Washington D. C. nd, in a recreation center with the Washington landmark out of sight, X gives Garrison some inside data and reveals to Garrison that he is in good shape and Closer than he might suspect. Stone was blamed for fictionalizing this character as well. Mr. X was genuine be that as it may however as a general rule him and Garrison never really met during the examination yet just related via mail sometime later. They just met years after the fact and the gathering was masterminded by Stone. A further obscurin g of the real world and fiction in this film is the utilization of genuine verifiable film just as film reproduced by Stone to look genuine. The genuine film comprises of newsreel film, for example, the recording of Walter Cronkite revealing the death on TV directly after it occurred just as the scandalous Zapruder movie, which is the notable 8mm film taken by an observer of the real shooting. The Zapruder film is genuinely realistic and shows the real shooting in progress. It was utilized as proof by the Warren Commission yet, in the same way as other different bits of proof, was not accessible to be seen by the general population for quite a long time later. The incorporation of this genuine film assists with keeping up that this film is implied revealed insight into the real truth of the occasion not to simply sensationalize it and state this is the thing that happened when Garrison began his examination. â€Å"The consideration of this recording likewise assists with obscuring the grouping of the film itself. It isn't simply narrative nor is it absolutely dramatization. The recently authored tag of docu-dramatization appears to fit and on the off chance that this is a docu-show, at that point it is positively one of the first of its sort. † Stone reproduced a ton of film that was either lost or didnt exist in any case. He meticulously set aside the effort to makeover Dealey Plaza into what it had resembled at that point. He utilized photos of the occasion as reference to put individuals precisely where they had really been and make them look precisely as they had. A four square region of downtown Dallas was reestablished to a 1960s search for a definite re-arranging of occasions happening on 22 November 1963 at the Texas School Book Depository, Dealey Plaza, and the now-noteworthy lush glade territory. Each known detail of the day and the death was genuinely reproduced, including setting vintage, mud-scattered cars in the Dealey Plaza region since it had come down in Texas during the morning of 22 November. â€Å"Hairstyles and attire (short overcoats, restricted ties) worn by additional items decisively coordinated those of old photographic pictures in history books, this fixation on detail is likewise done in the film when we are indicated the death second-by-second, from endless points of view, again and again. This thoughtfulness regarding the smallest detail is a lot of like the consideration the occasion gets by the innumerable trick scholars who have composed numerous books regarding the matter covering all parts of the occasion and the scheme buffs who read every one of these books to get each and every detail imaginable. His reproduced film is some of the time in shading and some of the time clearly. It appears to follow the recipe that what is a flashback is clearly and what Stone sees as truth is in shading. The Zapruder film is in shading so maybe this is the reason Stone decided to depict what he thought to be truth in shading. Scenes which are flashbacks and just claimed to happen are in highly contrasting, for example, the scene where Guy Banister gun whips his collaborator. It is as yet befuddling, best case scenario however, attempting to figure out what is genuine and what has been created by Stone in this image. Stone got such a great amount of flack from pundits for this obscuring of reality that he said â€Å"Id have stayed away from this horse crap on the off chance that I had said this was fiction as it so happens. 4. Taking everything into account, this film is one that makes

Nurses Knowledgee Regarding Infection Control Research Paper - 4675 Words

Nurses Knowledgee Regarding Infection Control (Research Paper Sample) Content: NURSES KNOWLEDGE REGARDING INFECTION CONTROLby Students NameCode + course nameProfessors nameUniversity nameCity, StateDateNurses Knowledge Regarding Infection Control Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) is a bacterium that lives in the skin or the nose of around 25-30% of people and is prevalent in many healthcare settings to-day leading to increased morbidity and mortality. Staff nurse play a key role in preventing MRSA, yet there is a lack of research on how education can enhance knowledge regarding MRSA its prevention, control and treatment. This study proposes to measure the knowledge of the registered nurses, who work in surgical units in Saudi Arabia regarding the prevention, control, and treatment of MRSA. An experimental design will be utilised using a pre and post text questionnaire. An educational intervention will be drawn up from the literature focusing on the factors that are crucial in the prevention, control, and treatment of MRSA. This information will also be used to form the questionnaire. 136Research AimThe research aim is to determine if an educational intervention could enhance the knowledge base of nurses regarding the prevention, control, and treatment of MRSA in a surgical unit, in Saudi Arabia.Objectives of the StudyThe research has the following objectives: To undertake a review of the literature on the role of knowledge, amongst registerednurses in the prevention, control, and treatment of MRSA To identify the knowledge of registered nurses in a surgical unit, in Saudi Arabiaregarding MRSA its prevention, control and treatment To determine if an educational intervention could enhance the knowledge base of registered nurses regarding the preventative measures that could be employed to control the spread of MRSA. To make recommendations regarding educational programmes, which focus on thePrevention, control and treatment of MRSAResearch QuestionThe research question is: what is the level of knowledg e of registered nurses regarding MRSA, its prevention, control and treatment within surgical units in Saudi Arabia and how could an educational intervention enhance this knowledge base?Null HypothesisThere is no difference between the knowledge of nurses regarding the prevention, control and treatment of MRSA following an educational intervention.BackgroundMethicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) and infection control have been an endemic problem since the 1960s and have become a global issue (Rayner 2003; David Daum 2010; Azeez-Akaned 2010; Azeez-Akaned 2010). The mortality rates involving MRSA have increased 20-fold during 1993-2002 in England and Wales (Office for National Statistics 2005). MRSA is a bacterium that lives in the skin or inside the nose of around 25-30% of people presenting challenges to nurses and other healthcare professionals regarding its prevention, treatment and control (Jimmy Snyder 2010). The altitudes, behaviours, knowledge on MRSA and their pe rceptions regarding MRSA are decisive factors in affecting the outcomes on parties (Storr, Topley Privett 2005). One of the recommended assessment strategies by Makoni (2002) is establishing a greater understanding of the microorganism sources, the nature of transmission, and the predisposing risk factors. Similarly, May (2000) recommends the adoption of standard infection control precautions. It is acknowledged that staff nurse play a key role in preventing the spread of MRSA, and they should be aware of the practises that will minimise the infection. The literature does demonstrate a lack of research on techniques to control the spread of MSRA. Indeed it has been shown that hand-washing, one of the most fundamental practises to minimise the spread of MSRA is often overlooked by nurses and health care practitioners (Makoni 2002; Topley Privet 2005). Alongside these McDonald et al, 2003 argue that there is no information on the knowledge of registered nurses regarding MRSA and inf ection control. This proposal aims to explore if an educational intervention can enhance the knowledge of registered nurses, regarding the prevention, control, and treatment of MRSA.Research StrategyThe research for the literature was conducted from different databases: Medline, CINAHL, PUBmed, Ovid and ProQuest. The articles were collected in the period from 2000 to 2012, restricted to English only publications. The key terms used for this literature research initially where MRSA and infection control, which yielded in excess of 500 articles. Further use of exclusion criteria such as a registered nurse, knowledge, experience, and surgical unit were applied, which substantially reduced the number of relevant articles. Out of the articles sourced and for the aim of this paper the 6/7 most clear studies will be reviewed.Literature ReviewThe literature demonstrates that mortality and morbidity from Healthcare associated infections, including MRSA is increasing (Gastmeier et al. 2006). According to the European Centre for Disease and Control (2009, pp. 16-36), almost 25,000 patients lose their lives across the EU from infections linked with a number of multidrug resistant bacteria. Not only does this bring the traumatic consequences for individuals and their families, it also brings significant financial challenge in a global context (Gemmell et al. 2006; Johnson, Pearson Duckworth 2005; Tiemersma et al. 2004), consequently, it becomes significant preventative issue that urgently needs to be addressed.In the UK study Easton et al. (2007), assessed the perceived practice and knowledge of nurses and doctors regarding MRSA in a hospital set up. Data collection was done using a survey method, whereby questionnaires were utilised through group administration as part of the study day. In addition, in order to gain an appropriate sample size, face-to-face interviews were also carried out with personnel from surgical and medical wards over a three-month period using the same questionnaire.The study yielded 174 interview responses from 87 nurses in medical and surgical units and 87 doctors, and 47 self-completed questionnaires. The questionnaires of which all but one questions were open-ended, sought to assess knowledge regarding the prevention, assessment, and treatment of MRSA. In addition, demographic data was also collected including the post held by the respondent and the time since qualifying. SPSS was used for the data analysis and correct answers were confirmed from the local guidelines and literature. Responses were calculated with 95% confidence levels and differences between the staff groups were compared using a Chi Squared test (P 0.05). The results demonstrated a considerable variation in responses between doctors and nurses answering correctly. No significant differences were found in interviewers based on the age of the respondents or in the time since qualification. Additionally, there was no significant difference between the int erview and the self-completed responses. Perhaps, not surprisingly, the doctors were more knowledgeable about antibiotic choice, whereas nurses demonstrated a higher awareness of infection control issues. The authors suggest that assumptions should not be made about the staff knowledge or awareness of MRSA (Easton et al. 2007).There are no limitations in the study including the use of a convenience sample, it suggested that the utilisation of the same questionnaire for both professional groups, who have had quite different educational preparations may have influenced the results. Additionally, it could be argued that a lack of knowledge regarding prevention and control measures may be potentially more detrimental to patients, rather than limited knowledge of antibiotics, especially when not all personnel is engaged with prescribing. The situation, therefore, may be more serious than the authors suggest; in the interpretation process care must be taken as a result of interpretation.A longside the educational awareness of staff, the literature also suggests that the resources deployed in regard to infection control are paramount. Cunney, et. al. (2006), carried out an infection control survey in 2003, examining the resources used in preventing nosocomial infection such as isolation facilities from 68 acute hospitals in the Republic of Ireland. The study was conducted using a survey technique with questionnaires. An analysis of the data illustrated that there were significant problems in the execution of services, both in terms of the physical and human resource. The authors suggest that issues arise when organisational policies are advisory rather than mandatory; they also suggest the need for European consensus and direction regarding the minimum resources to prevent MRSA (Cunney et. al. 2006). This study demonstrates that while preventative measures have been shown to be successful and cost effective, deployment of resources from treatment to preventative appro aches brings challenges.Conversely Van Gemert-Pijnen et al. (2005), illustrated that protocols while having a crucial role in the prevention of MSRA are not easily utilised by different professional groups. Furthermore, they conclude that protocols should be developed that are attuned to the knowledge and skills of the healthcare worker. This seems to suggest no need for healthcare workers to acquire knowledge on activities being undertaken than following instructions. It's clear that without the knowledge the former may enhance compliance. In their study, they adopted a comprehensive approach in a range of staff groupings including doctors, nurses and cleaning staff. Given that preventative measures need to be embraced and implemented by the complete healthcare team, an acknowledgement of the difference in the knowledge ba... Nurses Knowledgee Regarding Infection Control Research Paper - 4675 Words Nurses Knowledgee Regarding Infection Control (Research Paper Sample) Content: NURSES KNOWLEDGE REGARDING INFECTION CONTROLby Students NameCode + course nameProfessors nameUniversity nameCity, StateDateNurses Knowledge Regarding Infection Control Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) is a bacterium that lives in the skin or the nose of around 25-30% of people and is prevalent in many healthcare settings to-day leading to increased morbidity and mortality. Staff nurse play a key role in preventing MRSA, yet there is a lack of research on how education can enhance knowledge regarding MRSA its prevention, control and treatment. This study proposes to measure the knowledge of the registered nurses, who work in surgical units in Saudi Arabia regarding the prevention, control, and treatment of MRSA. An experimental design will be utilised using a pre and post text questionnaire. An educational intervention will be drawn up from the literature focusing on the factors that are crucial in the prevention, control, and treatment of MRSA. This information will also be used to form the questionnaire. 136Research AimThe research aim is to determine if an educational intervention could enhance the knowledge base of nurses regarding the prevention, control, and treatment of MRSA in a surgical unit, in Saudi Arabia.Objectives of the StudyThe research has the following objectives: To undertake a review of the literature on the role of knowledge, amongst registerednurses in the prevention, control, and treatment of MRSA To identify the knowledge of registered nurses in a surgical unit, in Saudi Arabiaregarding MRSA its prevention, control and treatment To determine if an educational intervention could enhance the knowledge base of registered nurses regarding the preventative measures that could be employed to control the spread of MRSA. To make recommendations regarding educational programmes, which focus on thePrevention, control and treatment of MRSAResearch QuestionThe research question is: what is the level of knowledg e of registered nurses regarding MRSA, its prevention, control and treatment within surgical units in Saudi Arabia and how could an educational intervention enhance this knowledge base?Null HypothesisThere is no difference between the knowledge of nurses regarding the prevention, control and treatment of MRSA following an educational intervention.BackgroundMethicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) and infection control have been an endemic problem since the 1960s and have become a global issue (Rayner 2003; David Daum 2010; Azeez-Akaned 2010; Azeez-Akaned 2010). The mortality rates involving MRSA have increased 20-fold during 1993-2002 in England and Wales (Office for National Statistics 2005). MRSA is a bacterium that lives in the skin or inside the nose of around 25-30% of people presenting challenges to nurses and other healthcare professionals regarding its prevention, treatment and control (Jimmy Snyder 2010). The altitudes, behaviours, knowledge on MRSA and their pe rceptions regarding MRSA are decisive factors in affecting the outcomes on parties (Storr, Topley Privett 2005). One of the recommended assessment strategies by Makoni (2002) is establishing a greater understanding of the microorganism sources, the nature of transmission, and the predisposing risk factors. Similarly, May (2000) recommends the adoption of standard infection control precautions. It is acknowledged that staff nurse play a key role in preventing the spread of MRSA, and they should be aware of the practises that will minimise the infection. The literature does demonstrate a lack of research on techniques to control the spread of MSRA. Indeed it has been shown that hand-washing, one of the most fundamental practises to minimise the spread of MSRA is often overlooked by nurses and health care practitioners (Makoni 2002; Topley Privet 2005). Alongside these McDonald et al, 2003 argue that there is no information on the knowledge of registered nurses regarding MRSA and inf ection control. This proposal aims to explore if an educational intervention can enhance the knowledge of registered nurses, regarding the prevention, control, and treatment of MRSA.Research StrategyThe research for the literature was conducted from different databases: Medline, CINAHL, PUBmed, Ovid and ProQuest. The articles were collected in the period from 2000 to 2012, restricted to English only publications. The key terms used for this literature research initially where MRSA and infection control, which yielded in excess of 500 articles. Further use of exclusion criteria such as a registered nurse, knowledge, experience, and surgical unit were applied, which substantially reduced the number of relevant articles. Out of the articles sourced and for the aim of this paper the 6/7 most clear studies will be reviewed.Literature ReviewThe literature demonstrates that mortality and morbidity from Healthcare associated infections, including MRSA is increasing (Gastmeier et al. 2006). According to the European Centre for Disease and Control (2009, pp. 16-36), almost 25,000 patients lose their lives across the EU from infections linked with a number of multidrug resistant bacteria. Not only does this bring the traumatic consequences for individuals and their families, it also brings significant financial challenge in a global context (Gemmell et al. 2006; Johnson, Pearson Duckworth 2005; Tiemersma et al. 2004), consequently, it becomes significant preventative issue that urgently needs to be addressed.In the UK study Easton et al. (2007), assessed the perceived practice and knowledge of nurses and doctors regarding MRSA in a hospital set up. Data collection was done using a survey method, whereby questionnaires were utilised through group administration as part of the study day. In addition, in order to gain an appropriate sample size, face-to-face interviews were also carried out with personnel from surgical and medical wards over a three-month period using the same questionnaire.The study yielded 174 interview responses from 87 nurses in medical and surgical units and 87 doctors, and 47 self-completed questionnaires. The questionnaires of which all but one questions were open-ended, sought to assess knowledge regarding the prevention, assessment, and treatment of MRSA. In addition, demographic data was also collected including the post held by the respondent and the time since qualifying. SPSS was used for the data analysis and correct answers were confirmed from the local guidelines and literature. Responses were calculated with 95% confidence levels and differences between the staff groups were compared using a Chi Squared test (P 0.05). The results demonstrated a considerable variation in responses between doctors and nurses answering correctly. No significant differences were found in interviewers based on the age of the respondents or in the time since qualification. Additionally, there was no significant difference between the int erview and the self-completed responses. Perhaps, not surprisingly, the doctors were more knowledgeable about antibiotic choice, whereas nurses demonstrated a higher awareness of infection control issues. The authors suggest that assumptions should not be made about the staff knowledge or awareness of MRSA (Easton et al. 2007).There are no limitations in the study including the use of a convenience sample, it suggested that the utilisation of the same questionnaire for both professional groups, who have had quite different educational preparations may have influenced the results. Additionally, it could be argued that a lack of knowledge regarding prevention and control measures may be potentially more detrimental to patients, rather than limited knowledge of antibiotics, especially when not all personnel is engaged with prescribing. The situation, therefore, may be more serious than the authors suggest; in the interpretation process care must be taken as a result of interpretation.A longside the educational awareness of staff, the literature also suggests that the resources deployed in regard to infection control are paramount. Cunney, et. al. (2006), carried out an infection control survey in 2003, examining the resources used in preventing nosocomial infection such as isolation facilities from 68 acute hospitals in the Republic of Ireland. The study was conducted using a survey technique with questionnaires. An analysis of the data illustrated that there were significant problems in the execution of services, both in terms of the physical and human resource. The authors suggest that issues arise when organisational policies are advisory rather than mandatory; they also suggest the need for European consensus and direction regarding the minimum resources to prevent MRSA (Cunney et. al. 2006). This study demonstrates that while preventative measures have been shown to be successful and cost effective, deployment of resources from treatment to preventative appro aches brings challenges.Conversely Van Gemert-Pijnen et al. (2005), illustrated that protocols while having a crucial role in the prevention of MSRA are not easily utilised by different professional groups. Furthermore, they conclude that protocols should be developed that are attuned to the knowledge and skills of the healthcare worker. This seems to suggest no need for healthcare workers to acquire knowledge on activities being undertaken than following instructions. It's clear that without the knowledge the former may enhance compliance. In their study, they adopted a comprehensive approach in a range of staff groupings including doctors, nurses and cleaning staff. Given that preventative measures need to be embraced and implemented by the complete healthcare team, an acknowledgement of the difference in the knowledge ba...

The Marriage Of John And Jaqueline Kennedy Essay - 2345 Words

The Marriage of John and Jacqueline Kennedy. THESIS: Although the relationship of John and Jacqueline Kennedy evolved from friendship to love, their marriage was filled with tragedy, shame, and change. I. The relationship of John and Jacqueline Kennedy evolved from friendship to love. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;A. They met at a dinner party thrown by Charles and Martha Bartlett. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;B. Their marriage was called â€Å"the wedding of the year.† II. Their marriage had many tragedies. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;A. Although three children survived birth, Jackie had many unsuccessful nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; pregnancies. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;B. President Kennedy†¦show more content†¦Martha pushed Jack and Jackie together on the couch, served them cocktails and hors d’oeuvres and let them drink their heads off. Charles Bartlett says that he had nothing to do with it, his wife was the only matchmaker involved in this scheme. This was not the only time that they met at the Bartlett’s home. When they started dating regularly they sometimes met there for a game of bridge, Checkers, or Monopoly. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Jack telephoned Jackie in London one day and proposed marriage. The engagement was announced in June 24, 1953 and the wedding was set for September 12, 1953. (Davis 316) Joe Kennedy made sure that the wedding was well publicized as the â€Å"Wedding of the Year.† (Mills 108)(Davis 189) Police estimated that around three thousand onlookers watched as Mr. and Mrs. John F. Kennedy emerged from St. Mary’s Catholic Church in Newport for the first time and posed for the Associated Press, United Press, New York Times, Boston Globe, Washington Post, and even Life magazine. The reception was held at Hammersmith Farm and around 1,200 guests sat at tables on the lawn and ate creamed chicken. Guests danced on the terrace to music played by Meyer Davis and at one point cleared the floor and watched the newlywed couple dance to â€Å"I Married an Angel† and â€Å"No Other Love.† Jackie presented her bridesmaids with monogrammed silver picture frames and Jack gave his ushers Brooks BrothersShow MoreRelatedThe Legacy Of John Fitzgerald Kennedy1748 Words   |  7 PagesInaugurated in January of 1961, John Fitzgerald Kennedy (or â€Å"JFK†) was the youngest president to ever hold office, as well as the first catholic. Following a heroic tour in the Navy during World War II, with the backing of his father’s immense wealth JFK abandoned a career in journalism to fulfill his deceased brother’s dream of becoming the first catholic president (Freidal and Sidey). After writing two best-selling books and rapidly advancing through political offices, Kennedy ran for president in theRead MoreBiography on Jacqueline Kennedy 2168 Words   |  9 PagesJ acqueline B. Kennedy). Her job included interviewing and capturing photographs of well-known people, including many political figures. During her time with the Washington Times-Herald, she met a man that changed her life forever. John Fitzgerald Kennedy, also known as Jack or JFK, was a congressman and soon to be senator from Massachusetts. Jackie and Jack hit it off from the start, and became married in the fall of 1953 (Life of Jacqueline B. Kennedy). Now known as Jackie Kennedy, her life beganRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Coretta The Story Of Coretta Scott King 1459 Words   |  6 Pagespursuit of his doctorate. His parents were not accepting at first of their son dating Coretta, due to the fact they had someone in mind they had already chosen for their son, but they eventually came to accept her has their daughter in law. After their marriage they both, Coretta and Mr. King went back to Boston to finish the requirements of obtaining their doctorates, and moved to Montgomery, Alabama, and to also have their first child, Yolanda Denise King. Also Martin Luther King had accepted a pastoral

Everyday Use Story by Alice Walker Essay - 1442 Words

Everyday Use By Alice Walker (1973) T one- This story , in my opinion, does not possess the warm-hearted, jolly, and happy side of a short story, we’d expect from a title, such as Everyday Use. Instead, this story is a more refreshing realistic tone of life and the harshness it may possess. There is a perfectly adequate amount of crudeness in the story, especially within the lifestyle of these individuals. The tone changes as the story continues on. In the beginning the story has a more worrisome, jealousy, and a want to be accepted feel, especially at the opening when it discusses Maggie and how she is ashamed of her burns, then peering at her sister in envy and awe. Then the mother’s want to be accepted by her daughter, Dee, who†¦show more content†¦P Lot- The family’s daughter/sister is returning to visit her family- consisting of the mama and Maggie. It begins by discussing the history of the family, such as the burns, fire, and their education. Then it continues on till Dee arrived home with her friend. They just met. They all talk about things, such as the name change and the new connection Dee/Wangero has made with her ancestral history. They all sit down to eat dinner together and then the climax rises when the daughter begins to raid the house for things she wants. One thing that Dee wanted to take was a quilt made by Grandma Dee and that really sparked Maggie up causing her to agree to let her sister get what she wanted again. But this time Mama wasn’t going for it. She snatched it out of Dee’s hands and sat it in Maggie’s lap. Then Dee made smart remarks toward Maggie about making something of her own self and it being a new day for them but they wouldn’t know with how she and Mama are. Then she left with her guy friend; Mama and Maggie watched the car dust settle outside and enjoyed snuff till they decided to go to sleep. C haracterization- Mama, in my opinion, is a hard a**. She describes herself as being a large, big-boned woman with rough, man-working hands. The mother can wear flannel at night and overalls in the day, and she’s as merciless as a manShow MoreRelatedIn 1973 Alice Walker wrote a short story called Everyday Use. This story is told in first person by800 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1973 Alice Walker wrote a short story called Everyday Use. This story is told in first person by mama and in set in the Deep South. Now, Alice Walker is a very well known name when it comes to writing and acting. She began her life in Eatonton, Georgian and was the youngest of eight children. Her family made their living by sharecropping and she says that, â€Å"It was great fun being cute. But then, one day, it ended.She had an accident with a BB gun and it almost blinded her at the age of eightRead MoreThe Importance Of Family Heritage By Alice Walker1100 Words   |  5 Pagesmost inspiring authors in American history is Alice Walker. 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Adrienne Rich â€Å"Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers† Alice Walker â€Å"Everyday Use† Comparison Paper Analyzing the two types of literature forms, a poem and a short story the two authorsRead MoreEveryday Use - the Gift of Family945 Words   |  4 Pages Everyday Use is a short story that teaches a value lesson of heritage, inheritance, the past, and one’s family. For some the lesson maybe perceived as an illustration to develop the natural instinct of valuing our family and our past as objects of everyday use. However, the lesson that Alice Walker conveys to her readers is to understand that the value of heritage is within the eye of the beholder. 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Although her family was poor, they were rich in kindness andRead MoreEveryday Use By Alice Walker852 Words   |  4 Pagescomes or belongs to one by reason of birth. In â€Å"Everyday Use†, by Alice Walker, the theme of the story can be considered as the meaning of heritage or even the power of education. Alice Walker uses many symbols and motifs such as the following: quilts, e ducation, knowledge, Asalamalakim, and the renaming of Dee. In the story, African heritage and knowledge takes a major role. The African heritage plays a major role in the story, â€Å"Everyday Use†. Alice Walker emphasizes the meaning of heritage by havingRead MoreAlice Walker s Everyday Use906 Words   |  4 PagesCritique of Alice Walker’s â€Å"Everyday Use† Title Often authors use the titles of their writing to portray a part of the story that will eventually come up, or to give an underlying message about what’s going on in the story. In Alice Walker’s short story, Everyday Use, she uses a title that isn’t blatantly seen within the story, but is explained through different aspects of the dialogue and actions of the characters. Walker could’ve chosen to explain the title more obviously within the story, but insteadRead MoreAnalysis Of The Flowers, By Alice Walker1525 Words   |  7 Pageswas how Alice Walker grew up. She has written stories about her life, and stories that have had an impact on her life based on how she grew up. The two short stories The Flowers and Everyday Use have a common theme of feeling comfortable, safe, and at peace when one is home. Walker uses diction, syntax, and characterization to develop this common theme in her writing. A house is a safe comfortable place where one can feel at peace and in The Flowers and Everyday Use, the author Alice Walker develops

Unless we accept the claim that Lenins coup det Essay Example For Students

Unless we accept the claim that Lenins coup det Essay at gave birthto an entirely new state, and indeed to a new era in the history ofmankind, we must recognize in todays Soviet Union the old empire ofthe Russians the only empire that survived into the mid 1980s(Luttwak, 1). In their Communist Manifesto of 1848, Karl Marx and FriedrichEngels applied the term communism to a final stage of socialism inwhich all class differences would disappear and humankind would livein harmony. Marx and Engels claimed to have discovered a scientificapproach to socialism based on the laws of history. They declared thatthe course of history was determined by the clash of opposing forcesrooted in the economic system and the ownership of property. Just asthe feudal system had given way to capitalism, so in time capitalismwould give way to socialism. The class struggle of the future would bebetween the bourgeoisie, who were the capitalist employers, and theproletariat, who were the workers. The struggle would end, accordingto Marx, in the socialist revolution and the attainment of fullcommunism (Groilers Encyclopedia). Socialism, of which Marxism-Leninism is a takeoff, originatedin the West. Designed in France and Germany, it was brought intoRussia in the middle of the nineteenth century and promptly attractedsupport among the countrys educated, public-minded elite, who at thattime were called intelligentsia (Pipes, 21). After Revolution brokeout over Europe in 1848 the modern working class appeared on the sceneas a major historical force. However, Russia remained out of thechanges that Europe was experiencing. As a socialist movement andinclination, the Russian Social-Democratic Party continued thetraditions of all the Russian Revolutions of the past, with the goalof conquering political freedom (Daniels 7). As early as 1894, when he was twenty-four, Lenin had become arevolutionary agitator and a convinced Marxist. He exhibited his newfaith and his polemical talents in a diatribe of that year against thepeasant-oriented socialism of the Populists led by N.K. Mikhiaiovsky(Wren, 3). While Marxism had been winning adherents among the Russianrevolutionary intelligentsia for more than a decade previously, aclaimed Marxist party was bit organized until 1898. In that year acongress of nine men met at Minsk to proclaim the establishment ofthe Russian Social Democratic Workers Party. The Manifesto issued inthe name of the congress after the police broke it up was drawn up bythe economist Peter Struve, a member of the moderate legal Marxistgroup who soon afterward left the Marxist movement altogether. Themanifesto is indicative of the way Marxism was applied to Russianconditions, and of the special role for the proletariat (Pipes, 11). The first true congress of the Russian Social DemocraticWorkers Party was the Second. It convened in Brussels in the summerof 1903, but was forced by the interference of the Belgian authoritiesto move to London, where the proceedings were concluded. The SecondCongress was the occasion for bitter wrangling among therepresentatives of various Russian Marxist Factions, and ended in adeep split that was mainly caused by Lenin his personality, hisdrive for power in the movement, and his hard philosophy of thedisciplined party organization. At the close of the congress Lenincommanded a temporary majority for his faction and seized upon thelabel Bolshevik (Russian for Majority), while his opponents whoinclined to the soft or more democratic position became known as theMensheviks or minority (Daniels, 19). Though born only in 1879, Trotsky had gained a leading placeamong the Russian Social-Democrats by the time of the Second partyCongress in 1903. He represented ultra-radical sentiment that couldnot reconcile itself to Lenins stress on the party organization. Trotsky stayed with the Menshevik faction until he joined Lenin in1917. From that point on, he acomidated himself in large measure toLenins philosophy of party dictatorship, but his reservations came tothe surface again in the years after his fall from power (Stoessinger,13). In the months after the Second Congress of the Social DemocraticParty Lenin lost his majority and began organizing a rebellious groupof Bolsheviks. This was to be in opposition of the new majority of thecongress, the Menshiviks, led by Trotsky. Twenty-two Bolsheviks,including Lenin, met in Geneva in August of 1904 to promote the ideaof the highly disciplined party and to urge the reorganization of thewhole Social-Democratic movement on Leninist lines (Stoessinger, 33). The differences between Lenin and the Bogdanov group ofrevolutionary romantics came to its peak in 1909. Lenin denouncedthe otzovists, also known as the recallists, who wanted to recall theBolshevik deputies in the Duma, and the ultimatists who demanded thatthe deputies take a more radical stand both for their philosophicalvagaries which he rejected as idealism, and for the utopian purism oftheir refusal to take tactical advantage of the Duma. The real issuewas Lenins control of the faction and the enforcement of his brand ofMarxist orthodoxy. Lenin demonstrated his grip of the Bolshevikfaction at a meeting in Paris of the editors of the Bolsheviksfactional paper, which had become the headquarters of the faction. Kyresha LeFever EssayThe Eastern Front had been relatively quiet during 1917, andshortly after the Bolshevik Revolution a temporary armstice wasagreed upon. Peace negotiations were then begun at the Polish town ofBrest-Litovsk, behind the German lines. In agreement with theirearlier anti-imperialist line, the Bolshevik negotiators, headed byTrotsky, used the talks as a discussion for revolutionary propaganda,while most of the party expected the eventual return of war in thename of revolution. Lenin startled his followers in January of 1918 byexplicitly demanding that the Soviet republic meet the Germanconditions and conclude a formal peace in order to win what heregarded as an indispensable breathing spell, instead of shallowlyrisking the future of the revolution (Daniels, 135). Trotsky resigned as Foreign Commissar during the Brest-Litovskcrisis, but he was immediately appointed Commissar of Military Affairsand entrusted with the creation of a new Red Army to replace the oldRussian army which had dissolved during the revolution. ManyCommunists wanted to new military force to be built up on strictlyrevolutionary principles, with guerrilla tactics, the election ofofficers, and the abolition of traditional discipline. Trotsky sethimself emphatically against this attitude and demanded an armyorganized in the conventional way and employing military specialists experienced officers from the old army. Hostilities between the Communists and the Whites, who were thegroups opposed to the Bolsheviks, reached a decicive climax in 1919. Intervention by the allied powers on the side of the Whites almostbrought them victory. Facing the most serious White threat led byGeneral Denikin in Southern Russia, Lenin appealed to his followersfor a supreme effort, and threatened ruthless repression of anyopposition behind the lines. By early 1920 the principal White forceswere defeated (Wren, 151). For three years the rivalry went on withthe Whites capturing areas and killing anyone suspected of Communistpractices. Even though the Whites had more soldiers in their army,they were not nearly as organized nor as efficient as the Reds, andtherefore were unable to rise up (Farah, 582). Police action by the Bolsheviks to combat political oppositioncommenced with the creation of the Cheka. Under the direction ofFelix Dzerzhinsky, the Cheka became the prototype of totalitariansecret police systems, enjoying at critical times the right the rightof unlimited arrest and summary execution of suspects and hostages. The principle of such police surveillance over the political leaningsof the Soviet population has remained in effect ever since, despitethe varying intensity of repression and the organizational changes ofthe police from Cheka to GPU (The State Political Administration)to NKVD (Peoples Commissariat of Internal Affairs) to MVD (Ministryof Internal Affairs) to the now well-known KGB (Committee for StateSecurity) (Pipes, 140). Lenin used his secret police in his plans to use terror toachieve his goals and as a political weapon against his enemies. Anyone opposed to the communist state was arrested. Many socialistswho had backed Lenins revolution at first now had second thoughts. Toescape punishment, they fled. By 1921 Lenin had strengthened hiscontrol and the White armies and their allies had been defeated(Farah, 582). Communism had now been established and Russia had become asocialist country. Russia was also given a new name: The Union ofSoviet Socialist Republics. This in theory meant that the means ofproduction was in the hands of the state. The state, in turn, wouldbuild the future, classless society. But still, the power was in thehands of the party (Farah, 583). The next decade was ruled by acollective dictatorship of the top party leaders. At the top levelindividuals still spoke for themselves, and considerable freedom forfactional controversy remained despite the principles of unity laiddown in 1921. Works CitedDaniels, Robert V., A Documentary History of Communism. New York:Random House Publishing, 1960. Farah, Mounir, The Human Experience. Columbus: Bell Howess Co.,1990. Luttwak, Edward N., The Grand Strategy of the Soviet Union. New York:St. Martins Press, 1983. Pipes, Richard, Survival is Not Enough. New York: SS Publishing,1975. Stoessinger, John G., Nations in Darkness. Boston: Howard Books,1985. Wren, Christopher S., The End of the Line. San Francisco: BlackhawkPublishing, 1988.

Much Ado About Nothing Quotes

'Much Ado About Nothing' Quotes Much Ado About Nothing is one of Shakespeares comedies, with one of the most popular romantic duos of all time. The play has wit, twists, turns - its a comedy. Here are a few quotes from the play. Act I He hath indeed better bettered expectation than you must expect of me to tell you how. (1.1) He is a very valiant trencher-man. (1.1) I see, lady, the gentleman is not in your books. (1.1) In time the savage bull doth bear the yoke. (1.1) Act II Lord! I could not endure a husband with a beard on his face: I hath rather lie in the woollen. (2.1) He that hath a beard is more than a youth, and he that hath no beard is less than a man. (2.1) Speak low if you speak love. (2.1) Friendship is constant in all other thingsSave in the office and affairs of love:Therefore all hearts in love use their own tongues;Let every eye negotiate for itselfAnd trust no agent. (2.1) There was a star danced, and under that was I born. (2.1) Sigh no more, ladies, sigh no more,Men were deceivers ever,-One foot in sea and one on shore,To one thing constant never. (2.3) Act III Our talk must only be of Benedick.When I do name him, let it by thy partTo praise him more than ever man did merit:My talk to thee must be how BenedickIs sick in love with Beatrice. Of this matterIs little Cupids crafty arrow made,That only wounds by hearsay. (3.1) Some Cupid kills with arrows, some with traps. (3.1) If I see any thing tonight why I should not marry her tomorrow, in the congregation, where I should wed, there will I shame her. (3.2) I tell this tale vilely- I should first tell thee how the Prince, Claudio, and my master, planted and placed and possessed by my master Don John, saw afar off in the orchard this amiable encounter. (3.3) Act IV There, Leonato, take her back again:Give not this rotten orange to your friend;Shes but the sign and semblance of her honor. (4.1) Your daughter here the princes left for dead,Let her awhile be secretly kept in,And publish it that she is dead indeed (4.1) She dying, as it must be so maintaind,Upon the instant that she was accusd,Shall be lamented, pitied, and excusdOf every hearer (4.1) I love you with so much of my heart that none is left to protest. (4.1) O that he were here to write me down an ass! But masters, remember that I am an ass: though it be not written down, yet forget not that I am an ass. (4.2) Act V I say thou has belied mine innocent child;Thy slander hath gone through and through her heart,And she lies buried with her ancestorsO! in a tomb where never scandal slept,Save this of hers, framd by thy villainy! (5.1) I have deceived even your very eyes: what your wisdoms could not discover, these shallow fools have brought to light, who in the night overheard me confessing to this man, how Don John your brother incensed me to slander the Lady Hero. (5.1) I have drunk poison while he utterd it. (5.1) Though and I are too wise to woo peaceably. (5.2) And when I livd I was your other wife;And when you lovd, you were my other husband. (5.4) One Hero died defild, but I do live,And surely as I live, I am a maid. (5.4) In brief, since I do purpose to marry, I will think nothing to any purpose that the world can say against it; and therefore never flout at me for what I have said against it; for man is a giddy thing, and this is my conclusion. (5.4)

Solutions for Teaching in an Overcrowded Classroom

Solutions for Teaching in an Overcrowded Classroom One of the biggest issues facing schools and teachers today is overcrowding. A combination of an increasing population and a decrease in funding has caused class sizes to soar. In an ideal world, class sizes would be capped at 15 to 20 students. Unfortunately, many classrooms now regularly exceed 30 students, and it is not uncommon for there to be more than 40 students in a single class. Classroom overcrowding has sadly become the new normal. The issue is unlikely to go away anytime soon, so schools and teachers must create workable solutions to make the best out of a bad situation. Problems Created by Overcrowded Classrooms Teaching in an overcrowded classroom can be frustrating, overwhelming and stressful. An overcrowded classroom presents challenges that can feel nearly impossible to overcome, even to the  most effective teachers. Increasing class sizes is a sacrifice many schools have to make in order to keep their doors open in an era where schools are underfunded. Overcrowded classrooms create a number of problems for modern school systems, including: There is not enough of the teacher to go around. Students perform better when the teacher is able to give one-on-one or small-group instruction on a regular basis. As classroom size increases, this becomes increasingly difficult to do. Overcrowding increases classroom discipline issues. Large classes packed with students provide more opportunities for personality conflicts, tension, and general disruptive behavior. Even the best teachers find it difficult to manage an overcrowded classroom successfully and can find themselves spending more time managing their classroom than they do teaching. Struggling students fall further behind. Average and below-average students will struggle to advance in an overcrowded classroom. These students need more direct instruction, one-on-one instructional time and minimal distractions to maximize their learning potential. Standardized test scores suffer. While many teachers would argue that there is an overemphasis placed on test scores especially in America’s public schools, the chance of successfully improving proficiency on a standardized test decreases as the number of students in the classroom increases. The overall noise level is increased. This is an expected result when you increase the number of students in the classroom. Louder classrooms translate to distractions making it more difficult for students to learn and for teachers to teach. Teacher stress is increased often leading to teacher burnout. More students translate to more stress. Many excellent teachers are opting to leave the profession because it is not worth the stresses they deal with on a daily basis. Overcrowding leads to less access to equipment and technology. Space is already at a premium for many schools and there often is not enough room to accommodate specialties such as science or a computer lab. District Solutions to Overcrowded Classrooms Increasing class sizes should be the last resort for any school district. It should never be a starting point. There are many other ways to trim a budget. If all other options are exhausted, then schools may be forced to enact what is known as a reduction in force, where teachers and staff are laid off for budgetary reasons and class sizes subsequently increase. Even with tight budgets, districts can take certain actions to ease overcrowding issues: Take advantage of ability grouping. Schools should use benchmark assessments to determine student placement. Class sizes should be kept relatively small for those who perform unsatisfactorily. Students who are strong academically have less to lose in an overcrowded classroom. Provide teachers with an aide. Providing a teacher with an aide can help decrease the burden on the teacher. Aides receive a lower salary, so placing them in overcrowded classrooms would improve the student/teacher ratios while keeping costs low. Lobby for more funding. Schools administrators and teachers should regularly lobby their state and local representatives for more funding. They should keep them apprised of issues overcrowding is causing. Administrators can also invite them to spend time at their school so that they can see the impact of overcrowding. Solicit local donations. Private schools are able to keep their doors open due to tuition and to a large extent by soliciting donations. In tough financial times, public school administrators should not be afraid to solicit donations either. Teachers across the country have sought and used public donations for everything from technology upgrades to classroom basics like notebooks and paper. Every dollar counts and even garnering enough donations to hire an extra teacher or two each year can make a significant difference. Apply for grants. There are thousands of grant opportunities made available to schools each year. Grants exist for almost everything including technology, supplies, professional development and even teachers themselves. Teacher Solutions to Overcrowded Classrooms Teachers in an overcrowded classroom must be exceptionally organized. They have to be well prepared every day. They must develop a fluid system through trial and error to maximize the time they have with their students. Teachers can generate solutions for overcrowded classrooms by: Creating energetic and engaging lessons: Every lesson must be enticing, energetic and fun. It is easy for students in any class to be distracted and lose interest, but this is especially true in a large classroom. Lessons must be fast-paced, unique and full of attention grabbers. Tutoring struggling students who need more time after school: There simply is not enough time to provide struggling students with the one-on-one time that they need. Tutoring these students two to three times a week after school gives them a better shot at being successful. Assigning seats and rotating when necessary: With a large class, teachers must be structured, and this starts with strategically placed assigned seats. Students who are low academically and/or are behavior issues should be assigned seats toward the front. Students who are high academically and/or are well behaved should be provided seats toward the back. Understanding that the dynamics in an overcrowded classroom will be different: It is essential that teachers understand that there are significant differences in a classroom of 20 students compared to a classroom of 30 or 40. Teachers have no control over how many students are in their classes, so they cannot allow themselves to become stressed due to things that are out of their control. Teachers should understand that they are not going to be able to spend time with each student every day. They should understand that they will not get to know each student on a personal level. That is simply the reality in an overcrowded classroom. Lastly, structure is very important in any classroom but especially so in a classroom with lots of students. Teachers need to establish clear rules and expectations on day one, and then follow through as the year progresses. Clear rules and expectations will help create a much more manageable class- where students know what they are required to do and when- especially an overcrowded one.

Balance Scorecard for Air India

Balance Scorecard for Air India Introduction Air India is the prime and oldest Airline of India. It is the State carrier which currently connects to rest of the world such as the Americas, Asia, Europe, etc. It is headquartered at Nariman Point, Mumbai in the Air India Building. It is the 16th largest Airline in Asia & serves out of two major Domestic hubs in India at the Indira Gandhi International Airport, Delhi & CST Terminal, Mumbai. The airline started its journey with the Maiden flight from Karachi Airport to Mumbai Airport via Ahmedabad in July 1932. It was founded by JRD Tata and later on acquired by the State. Air India has two subsidiaries and two affiliated carries. Together Air India, Air India Cargo, Air India Express, Indian and Air India Regional form the National Aviation Company of India Limited. It currently serves 11 countries across the globe apart from the various domestic destinations. Air India Cargo It serves as the cargo operator for the airline serving in conjunction with on ground truck- transportation systems and achieving synergies to increase returns. The carrier also is allowed to carry dangerous (hazardous cargo) & animals under IATA rules. Air India Regional The airline previously known as alliance air serves the interior small airports domestically to serve the needs of such regions with smaller aircrafts. The hub for this is at the IGI airport in Delhi. Indian It focuses on the domestic touch points for the airline. It serves various destinations in the country with two major hubs at Delhi & Mumbai. Air India Express The airline subsidiary was formed in 2005 to serve the low cost space in the South east Asia and the Gulf region. This is a no frills airline which focuses on the low cost travel mind space for its consumers. Tangible Assets Fleet and Material Resources Air India has continuously being trying to improve its Aircraft fleets. It has recently added 17 new aircrafts which include B777’s- Long range aircrafts and it has also procured some 15 n ew airbus aircrafts to serve its domestic destinations. Currently the Air India fleet stands at a strong 136 aircrafts. Air India serves various international destinations such as in the USA which includes Newark, JFK & Chicago with its non-stop Boeing Long range aircrafts. The detailed aircraft distribution is as given in the table below: Network Air India operates from various cities across India like Ahmedabad, Amritsar, Bangalore, Chennai, Delhi, Goa, Hyderabad, Kochi, Kolkata, Kozhikode, Lucknow, Jaipur, Varanasi, Tiruchirapalli, Gaya and Thiruvananthapuram in totality 16 cities for its international location flights. The need of boarding flights from metros for international locations has thus ceased thus providing better opportunities to other cities to develop economically and aid in the country’s growth story. The various requirements in terms of customs, etc. are directly done in these cities. Air India also has code sharing agreements with various airlines across t he world providing better accessibility to other locations. International Hub: Air India has established its international hub at Frankfurt for better transfers and code shares across the world. It has forged partnerships with Lufthansa and is currently vying for being a part of the Star Alliance. These alliances has strengthened AI’s network in the US and Europe to a large extent.

Describe the theories, arguments and evidence used in your four Essay

Describe the theories, arguments and evidence used in your four subject readings. What do the readings tell you about the study - Essay Example In the fourteenth century the Roman law gave the above mentioned privileges whereas a century later English authorities granted the similar rights to the parents. Yet the intellectual evolution kicked in and by seventeenth century scholars initiated to view children as an important part of the society and supported the notion of facility settlement for their training (Peck 2008). Based on the above paragraph, it can be assumed that the tendency and the power of evolution are embedded within the fabric of humanity and humans are gifted with an unexplainable energy to overcome resistance to change. Historically the females were not considered humans and in the present they are recognized as equals to the male population. All of the instances demonstrate the fact that humans kept on growing intellectually in the past and therefore their behavior also became better with the passage of time. In the process of intellectual growth old concepts were challenged and replaced with new and more practical ones. Corporate professionals in the past were only concerned with the maximization of the profit. However nowadays businessmen are getting more and more attached to the concepts of job autonomy, modern training and prevention of environmental degradation. Literature Review Modern thinking started to be accepted and praised when it challenged the concept of capitalism. The state socialism evolved around the premise of accumulation of wealth within few hands and therefore causing serious financial inequalities in the West as it is mentioned in the book that â€Å"State socialism attempts as far as possible to substitute central planning for the working of economic market† (Hall 1992 pp 54). However, the neo-classic economic experts stated that the country should and must use its natural and human resources efficiently in order to maximize their utility to the society. The Marxism, an important economic theory holds on to the point that there are no notable difference s in social classes regarding their needs and wants. Nevertheless the true message of the theory is that all humans should be treated equally in the eyes of economics and there should be negligible impact of social boundaries on the commitment of the resources it is written in the book â€Å"State power could caretaker of the existence (Hall 1992 pp 32). Thus, the state will have the ultimate responsibility of fulfilling the needs and wants of the citizens. According to Marx’s viewpoint â€Å"the presence of politics in the society is a representation of classes and their goals and objectives† (Hall 1992 pp 31) and the above mentioned economic authority is having an unconstructive view of politics in general. But in a more practical sense the model of politics presented by Marx is supporting dictatorship as there is no provision for public opinion. Furthermore the Marxist ideas about political activities were implemented by the Soviet Union in the form of State govern ed Socialism The profound failure of the above mentioned political system supports that democracy has a tendency to prevail under adverse situation because it is more accommodating towards the human nature as it supports freedom of speech and choice. However socialism thrives on the idea of protecting the capital so that it can be used for the greater good of the society. But in this kind of system people starve by the millions because the state never

Services Marketing Master Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Services Marketing Master - Case Study Example Thus, companies should focus on establishing and implementing an efficient marketing needs which considers the needs of its various customers. Companies provide either tangible or intangible products to their clientele. Tangible offerings are often classified as goods while intangible ones are services. In coming up with an efficient marketing mix, the nature of a company's products should be taken into account. Goods require the identification of four Ps which go into the marketing mix. These essential elements are product, price, place, and promotion. Services, however, are very much different from tangible products as they have four special characteristics: intangibility, inseparability, variability, and perishability. Thus, these also necessitate the application of an extended marketing mix which further incorporates people, physical evidence, and process to the four Ps (The Services Marketing Mix n.d.). This section will briefly outline and define these essential concepts is developing a marketing mix. For further clarification, the discussed elements will be applied to the operation and marketing activities of Cutting Edge Hair and Beauty Salon. Product. ... Instead of looking at the capabilities of a business organisation, it first opts to deeply consider its target market, locating their unsatisfied needs and preferences. From here, the company develops solutions and offer them to the customers as their products. As competition heats up in the global market, companies are further differentiating their products to their competitors. Nowadays, it is notable how market players differentiate their products from the common offering. In the hospitality industry, Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company is not just giving customers a place to stay but the Ritz-Carlton experience which "enlivens the senses, instills well being, and fulfills even the unexpressed wishes and needs of our guests." The service offered by the Cutting Edge Hair and Beauty Salon is fully and directly expressed in its mission statement: "It is our goal to provide superior hairdressing in an efficient, profitable manner within the confines of a caring, quality environment." However, we can see that the company is far from a typical player in the same industry as it continuously tries to impart excellent service. The saloon can be seen to offer high-end luxurious service. These efforts, which will be discussed below, help the company in improving its overall product image. Price. The price of a company's product is often dependent on its chosen pricing strategy as well as the image that it wants to project in the industry. As companies incur costs from their operations, it is important that they also charge their customers an amount for their services. Prices often determine whether the company pursues more for less or more for more strategies. High prices may enhance the image of a service offered to the

Kants Theory of Deontology and Euthanasia Essay -- Kant Assisted Suic

I am going to apply the theory of Kant’s Deontology to the case regarding assisted suicide for psychological suffering. Based on Kant’s theory, I have found suicide morally unjust. This case is about euthanasia and assisted suicide. On September 28, 1991, Dr. Boudewijn Chabot administered a sufficient amount of sleeping pills and a liquid drug mixture to a patient with the intentions of assisting the patient with death. The patient, Hilly Bosscher, was suffering from depression, and psychological pain. She was recently divorced from a 25 year abusive relationship, and her two son’s had died. The doctor determined she suffered from unbearable pain, genuinely desired to die, and freely and competently made such a request. On the same day Dr. Chabot administered the medici...

Brain Death

Death occurs at an individual at the moment that his or her heart and lung stops functioning in such a way that they could never be restored. At the same instance, the brain function also stops. Death had been referred to as cardio respiratory death until technology altered the context death through the introduction of what was known as brain death which refers to the cessation of brain function and activity determined or measured by different test such as EEG diagnostics. Most of the time, the term brain death refers to a patient that lost brain capacity to do important function.They may sometimes be sustained by medical apparatus but is not literally dead in the physical context. However in some countries, these persons are considered dead and organs can be transplanted to some other patients who need body organs and patients who are brain alive. Thus, benefiting the society as a whole and as well as the receivers of the organ. Although the acknowledgment of brain death benefits th e community, several controversies and contradictions arise. Such conflict includes the different views regarding when the patient is to be considered brain dead, which also includes the controversies regarding PVS patients.Although new development on the fields of technology arises to be able to determine if one person is really brain dead, such as Digital Subtraction Angiography, Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT), Dynamic Computed Tomography (DCT), Magnetic Resonance Imaginary (MRI), Echo Planar MRI (EPI) and many other types of equipment, a consensus regarding the acceptance of brain death was never reached because of some ethical and cultural concerns. Such factor includes the different views and stand of the pubic regarding organ transplant.Still, the main factor against the consensus of accepting brain death is the public’s opinion and view, specially the families of the patient who were considered to be brain dead, regarding the matter. They are unlikely to accept th e burial of a breathing human or to intentionally terminate the cardio respiratory function of an individual through lethal injections or some other means. Due to several controversies regarding brain death, several policies had been made. However controversies and contradictions are still present, regarding brain death.Returning to Cardio Respiratory death will eliminate objections regarding brain death which was the original definition of death. Modern advances in medical technology are really challenging our conception of what it means to be human, to be alive. For some, the concept of Brain Death is also a form of legalizing killing.DEFINITION OF BRAIN DEATH: ROBERT BLANKStudies showed that the brain begins to die due to some several causes. One of the major causes was ageing in which there exist a gradual lost of sensory capacities in one’s brain.The higher the age of an individual means higher risk of having a decline in memory and other functions of the brain. Aging is the natural process in which brain functions declines. There are also causes which are not natural such as injuries, cancer, stoke as well as alcohol and drug abuse. However, the concept of brain death does not necessarily refers to this process of brain cell death but rather to the cessation of functions and activity of the brain as indicated by several test such as EEG diagnostics.This concept is different from what we normally regard as death. In a general sense, brain death refers to situation to which the patient was diagnosed to be unable to regain consciousness or unable to recover from his or her current state of having brain damage. When a person is considered brain dead he or she is regarded as already dead and thus, organs can be taken for transplants. Because of this definition, several controversies and contradiction occurs.In the beginning of the issue regarding brain death, several criteria were used conclude that a person was really brain dead: â€Å"(1) unreceptiv ity and unresponsiveness; (2) lack of spontaneous movements or breathing and, (3) lack of reflexes† (Blank, page 3). Due to the seriousness of the issue, there had also been acts in order to determine if the person is brain dead. The concept of brain death is still being debated up to the contemporary time even in the presence of modern technological devices such as Digital Subtraction Angiography, CAT, DCT, MRI and others.WHAT TRIGGERED THE CONTROVERSEY OVER BRAIN DEATH?The very reason for the creation of the concept of brain death was the advancement of medical technology. Although there are some machines in the field that were able to support the lungs and heart of a person, the fact that once the brain stem was seriously damaged. Spontaneous respiration could never be returned, providing a patient with no hope of recovery. Thus, the death of a person was linked to the death of certain brain function rather than to the cessation of the heart and lungs.CEREBRAL DEFINITON OF DEATHThe idea of total brain death has always been surrounded by controversies even it was accepted as the standard practice in most of the Western Nations because some argues that it cannot be referring to the death of the whole brain or the cessation of all the functions of the brain. Since the concept of the whole brain death ignores spinal cords reflexes as well as the emission of small electrical potentials measurable by the EEG continuous in some isolated brain cells. On the other hand, the cerebral death was associated to the cessation of the function of the cerebral cortex that is associated with consciousness and mental activity.Thus whenever specific higher brain functions of an individual ceases, he or she is considered cerebral dead rather than the cessation of all brain activity. The concept of equating death to cerebral death was based on the assumption that human life has no longer exist in the absence of the person’s consciousness. Thus, cerebral death focuses on the death of personhood rather than the death of the organism itself. Because of these assumptions, death gains a lot of criticism and objectivity.WHY IT IS DIFFICULT TO INSTITUTE A POLICY DEFINING PVS PATIENTS AS BRAIN DEAD?Patients with PVS have a relatively intact brain stem with the complete lost of cerebral cortical function that may be due to lack of oxygen or blood flow to the brain for about 4-6 minutes. Thus, the patient is left with a transient coma for days and weeks that sometimes also resulted in eyes-open consciousness for years. Although they have cough reactions as well as times of wakefulness and sleep because of the brain stem, they are completely unaware of themselves as well as their environments. PVS patients also experience no pain during the period.These characteristics that makes PVS patients different from permanent coma patients, patients with locked-in syndrome and irreversibly comatose are also the reason why it is difficult to institute a policy that defines PVS patients as brain dead.Summary: PETER MONAGHAN ARTICLEThe idea of referring to brain dead people as dead resulted in different views and stands taken by different groups and cultures. In the United Sates and Canada, the concept of brain was accepted and organs of people who are considered brain dead can be taken for transplant.Several countries on the other hand have different views regarding the matter specially those that that are outside the United States. Other countries have acknowledge the concept of brain death but were unwilling to view brain dead persons as dead and chose to stick to the cessation of heart and lungs as the indication of death of an individual. The differences in the views of the public regarding brain death creates several issues, controversies and as well as objections of the concept.For some, legalizing brain death is just a way of legalizing killing; others believed otherwise, mostly are professionals in the field of medicine who believed th at this concept will be able to save the lives of those persons whose brains are well functioning but are desperately in need of organ transplant. The acceptance of the whole concept of brain death is likely to produce a great development in the field of organ transplant, cloning and other medical fields. However, this would also mean changing the public’s definition of dead; disregarding mostly religious and biological beliefs of the definition of death.Medical technology developments also complicate the issues regarding brain death. Even the question of when should a person should be considered brain dead was still debatable up to the contemporary time. Still, the significance of death in the societal context still overrides medical authority when it comes to a patient known to be brain dead. One of the strongest issues that were against the concept of brain death was the difficulty of family members of a brain dead person to acknowledge the burial or even cremation of thei r love.Another issue that also arises was whether anesthesia should be used for patients that were brain dead. The concept of brain death really does create a lot of controversies and questions that remained debatable up to the present time.COUNTRIES OUTSIDE THE USAIn the United States as well as in Canada, once a person was considered to be brain dead, his or her organs can be removed for transplant. However not all the countries, because of cultural differences, does not view and accept the concept of brain death in the same way.In several European Countries, surgeons could perform the transplant unless the patient forbade it. Still, there are those countries that accepted the idea of brain death and take it into consideration, but still preferred biological death and brain dead persons are not considered dead. There are also some countries that were totally against the idea of brain death. The concept of brain death was merely a convention outside the United States and Canada. Fo r example, in Japan, it took more than 3 decades of debate before the concept of brain death was legally accepted.Still, the issue of brain death remain restricted that allowed for organ transplants. Brain Dead individuals are not considered dead unless they wish to donate their organs. Germany on the other hand first recognized the concept of brain death but reversed its recognition in 1999. Although brain death had been legally accepted in Sweden in 1980’s, the issue is still being debated. On the other hand in the early 1900’s Denmark accepted the concept of brain death but decided not to use this concept in determining if an individual is dead rather they retain the heart and lung cessation of determining death.Thus, because of different views, beliefs and norms, different countries have different approaches regarding the issue of brain death.DECISION MAKING IN OTHER SENSITVE MEDICAL AND SOCIAL ETHICAL AREASThe issue on brain death had made certain impacts when it comes to decision making of some related medical, ethical and social issues. When it comes to ethical concerns, the main question that arises is the issue of life and death. Brain Death had moved some conception of death; it is a new definition of death as some may say.Brain death is a treat to some ethical, cultural and religious beliefs as it offenses certain beliefs of society. On the other hand, brain death offers great advancement in some field such as medicines and other medical aspects. Brain death made it easier for medical personnel to decide on whether to sustain or cut off different medical apparatus that sustains the breathing of the patients. It also helps in deciding to make an organ transplant from patients that are considered brain dead. Thus, it created medical advancement especially in the filed of organ transplant, cloning and other fields.On one point, brain death can be said to help the society by providing organs from those patients who are brain alive and are capable of making a change in society. However, the issue also brings disagreement among the members of the society.TERRY SCHIAVO CASEThe Terry Schiavo Case illustrates both societal and ethical issues concerning brain death, the decision that concern individuals and groups have to make. The different views of Terry’s husband and parents brought conflicts and legal issues.The concept of brain death made it legal to cut off the apparatus or the feeding tube used by Terry. Although Terry’s parents appeals to the court to put back the feeding tube, the court had rejected this appeal. It can be said that the court accepts the fact of brain death and agrees with Terry’s husband that she would rather be dead. However it was really hard for Terry’s parents to accept that their daughter was already dead. Different doctors who had seen Terry have different views and beliefs whether Terry would be able to recover or not.Thus, it was really hard even with several de velopments in medical fields to have a consensus of whether a brain dead person can be classified dead or not.CONCLUSIONIt can really say that medical development altered our notion of death. This brings new challenges to every culture and society. Because different cultures are different, they may have different stands regarding brain death. For some, it was proper to view brain dead person as dead because of the lost of the main function or the brain was already dead.However, some argues that legalizing brain death as death is also a form unjustified killing. The issue or concept of brain death will remain controversial and objections will always arise because of the differences of every culture and individual. Thus, the consensus regarding the matter can never be accomplished.ReferencesBlank, R. (2001). Technology and death policy: redefining death. Mortality: Vol. 6.Monaghan, P. (2002, February 22). Unsettled Question on Brain Death. The Chronicle of Higher Education. Washington : Vol. 48, Iss. 24; pg. A. 14.

The New York City Police Department Cadet Corps Essay

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Reality set in when I hit the streets of the most impoverished neighborhoods of New York. My eyes were opened to the realities of the justice system. Privilege, poverty, oppression, race, and power struggles became themes that I encountered daily. Aspiring to be a social worker, I realized that my job title didn’t fit the description and that my hands were tied. I could help people, but there were so many other things to consider. I was there to enforce the law and do it tactically. Sometimes, with no time to have any other form ofShow MoreRelatedThe Civil Air Patrol During World War II Essays1637 Words   |  7 PagesWilson, foresaw the importance that Cap would play in protecting the waters along the coast from the dreaded German U-boats attacking the shipping lanes. Sixty years later the CAP is still going strong. Performing its missions of aerospace education, cadet programs and search and rescue, CAP is preparing today’s youth to become successful leaders. 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